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- Lightning Protection
-
- Each summer I repair numerous computers that have been hit by
- lightning. Yes, the owners tell me, they had surge protectors
- on their computers, but it didn't seem to help. The reason
- generally is that the surge protectors were neither the proper
- type nor installed in the correct place. This article will
- describe the causes for the lightning damage, illustrate how it
- can be better prevented, and finally, describe how to cut the
- repair costs on computers that have been hit. Specific repair
- examples are given for Commodore Amiga computers.
-
- THE SOURCE OF DESTRUCTION. In the USA the power grid and
- distribution system is such that most homes have a "split
- phase", center tapped 240 volt service wherein the center tap is
- grounded. The grounded center leg is not only connected to the
- water line at each service drop, but it is also "earth"
- grounded back at the power company distribution transformer.
- When lightning strikes the power grid, there are numerous earth
- grounds to "absorb" the bulk of the energy before it travels to
- your computer. Even then, there is always a perturbation on the
- line that can result in a surge that is capable of damaging your
- computer. If the computer has an external surge protector,
- damage to the computer is rare.
-
- Unlike the power grid, the telephone system is UNgrounded. The
- shortest path to ground for a lightning surge on the telephone
- lines is through your MODEM and computer! In my experience, 9
- out of 10 computers damaged by lightning have been damaged by a
- surge on the telephone line. This damage typically results in
- the destruction of the MODEM, in portions of the computer I/O
- serial port circuitry, and even to the +12 and -12 volt circuits
- and main power supply in the computer (the serial port is driven
- by the +12 and -12 volt power supplies).
-
- PROTECTION. The main 120 volt power to your computer should
- certainly be surge protected. While the ubiquitous surge
- protectors on the market are usually adequate, the ferroresonant
- transformer is much superior (and much more expensive).
- Frequently these can be found at significant discounts at HAM
- fairs and at surplus outlets, but a word of caution -- they must
- be the 60 Hz models. An excellent price compromise is an
- isolation transformer followed by a conventional surge
- protector.
-
- Telephone line protection has many options. By far the cheapest
- is to not use your MODEM during thunderstorm activity and to
- physically disconnect your telephone line from the MODEM when it
- is not in use. The simplest full time protection is to purchase
- and install a phone line spike protector between your telephone
- line and MODEM. A very effective such device is part number 43-
- 102 marketed by Radio Shack. While it is extremely effective in
- saving your MODEM and computer, it is usually irreparably
- destroyed when subjected to a surge. Nevertheless, its
- replacement cost at $13 is much less than the cost of a new
- MODEM or computer repair. To better protect the surge
- protector AND your MODEM, consider a double pole, double throw
- (DPDT) relay such as Radio Shack part number 275-206 connected
- in such a manner that the actuating coil is energized each time
- the computer is turned on and the relay contacts are connected
- such that BOTH leads going to the MODEM are connected to ground
- (and disconnected from the telephone line) when the computer is
- turned off and each lead is connected to the telephone line (and
- disconnected from ground) when the computer is turned on.
- Another means of protecting your telephone line surge protector
- and MODEM is to install a ferrite torroid ring. BOTH the red
- and green telephone lines should pass through the center of the
- ferrite ring. This significantly increases the impedance of any
- surge signal that may be propagating down the line. If this
- ferrite ring is placed on the telephone drop prior to its
- connection to your main telephone service entrance box, then all
- of the telephones on your line will receive the benefit of its
- protection. This latter application may not be approved by the
- telephone company as it increases the probability that the surge
- is reflected back to the central switching office.
-
- COMPUTER REPAIRS. All to often I hear horror stories where
- entire mother boards and power supplies on the computer were
- replaced at a cost of several hundred dollars. This can only
- happen when serviced by an incompetent repair facility. While
- the MODEMs generally must be sent to the manufacturer (as
- schematic diagrams are generally not available to the repair
- trade), the I/O and power supply circuitry of the computer
- itself is almost always rather simple and capable of being
- repaired by any competent repair facility at a relatively low
- cost.
-
- GENERAL REPAIR TIPS. When the power supply is rendered
- inoperable by the surge, it is almost always the -12 volt supply
- and sometimes the more rugged +12 volt supply. What generally
- happens is that the regulators in the supplies go out and the -
- 12 volt supply becomes a -17 volt supply and destroys any
- replacement parts put into the mother board or serial I/O board.
- Rather than replacing the power supply, a simple $ 1.00 in-line
- regulator IC part # 7912 can be inserted in the -12 volt lead
- between the power supply and the mother board. If the +12 volt
- supply is also so affected, a regulator part number 7812 can be
- installed in the +12 volt supply lead in a similar manner
- (Similar 7812 regulators will probably also be needed in the
- floppy disk and hard disk +12 volt supply lines. If either of
- the -12 or +12 volt supplies fail in such a manner than there is
- no voltage present, then repair procedures must consider the
- entire cost of a replacement supply. In the case of MS DOS-
- based systems, entire supplies are generally cheaper than
- repair. In other computers the service personnel can usually
- make a compact auxiliary supply at a lower cost than that for
- full power supply replacement. In MS-DOS-based systems , the
- I/O circuitry is seldom a part of the mother board. It is
- usually cheaper to replace the serial board than it is to repair
- it. Seldom is the MS DOS mother board itself damaged. In other
- computer systems, the I/O sections (e.g., serial ports) are
- usually an integral part of the mother board. These circuits,
- however, are generally simple and are easily repaired.
-
- AMIGA I/O BOARD REPAIRS. Check to insure that all power
- supplies are at their proper voltage. If there is an overload
- on any of the three main supplies (+ 5 volt, -12 volt, or +12
- volt), the entire supply will fail to operate. Disconnect the
- two twelve volt wires to the main board and all supply leads to
- the hard and floppy drives. If the +5 volt supply is now
- functional, the overload is in one of the 12 volt circuits. If
- there still is no +5 volts, then there are major (expensive)
- problems. If the +5 volt supply does not operate properly when
- not connected to the mother board and disk drive loads, then the
- entire supply requires replacement. If it does operate
- correctly without any loads connected, then there are major
- problems on the mother board itself and the repair is best left
- for experienced repair personnel. If the supply fails to
- function only when one or both 12 volt circuits are connected,
- repairs to the mother board are relatively simple and are
- described below. Probable defective ICs are given below in the
- order of priority of being affected.
-
- A-500. In the A-500 computer, the prime suspects are ICs # U38
- and U39 followed by U8.
-
- A-1000. In the A-1000 computer, the prime suspects are ICs #
- U6K and U6L followed by U6N
-
- A-2000, A-2500. In these machines the prime suspects are fuse
- F2, and IC#s U-304, and U305 followed by U301. On rare
- occasions, transistor Q300 and/or diode D300 may also be found
- defective.
-
- A-3000. In these machine, the prime suspects are fuse F300, ICs
- 304 & 305, then U300 and on rare occassions transistor Q300 and
- diode D300
-
- When these are replaced and the computer still does not boot,
- again check the two 12 volt power levels. Connect one at a time
- to determine which is overloading the supply. When this is
- determined, check all of the capacitors (about a dozen) that
- filter this supply at various locations on the mother board. If
- a capacitor is charred black, it is a prime suspect.
-
- The procedures described above has been found to restore over
- 90% of Amiga computers hit by surges on the telephone line.
-
- ABOUT THE AUTHOR. Max Yoder is a Certified Electronics
- Technician operating his own electronics repair facility part
- time for the past 25 years. He has a BSEE from Purdue
- University and a graduate degree in engineering from the George
- Washington University. His main occupation is that of a program
- officer in the electronics division of the Office of Naval
- Research where he manages a research program in wide bandgap
- semiconductor materials and devices.
-
- Copyright by M. N. Yoder. This article is freely reproducible
- providing, however, that it is reproduced in its entirety.
- Mother boards on computers are generally 5 layer boards and can
- be destroyed by inept servicing procedures. The author assumes
- no responsibility associated with do-it-yourself repairs.